Roots of Israel in Poland - Zionism, Heroism, the Righteous Among the Nations

In the Kraków ghetto a Jewish fighting organization operated, rooted partly in the Zionist Akiva movement; its members carried out armed actions against the occupier. On Ghetto Heroes Square stood the Eagle Pharmacy (Apteka pod Orłem) of Tadeusz Pankiewicz - the only Pole permitted to remain and work inside the ghetto. He helped Jews in hiding and was recognized as Righteous Among the Nations. The pharmacy is now a museum.

Będzin was a major center of Zionist youth movements in the Zagłębie region. Its "Mizrachi" Prayer House survives - a former prayer house of the religious-Zionist movement, founded in the late 19th century. On its walls and ceiling, polychromes in the spirit of Zionism have been preserved: Rachel's Tomb, a Jaffa street, Absalom's Tomb, a Star of David, and a full cycle of zodiac signs - one of only seven such in Poland. Będzin was home to Frumka Płotnicka, a leader of the resistance, and to Rutka Laskier, the teenage author of a moving diary.

Józef and Wiktoria Ulma of the village of Markowa hid Jewish families in their home. For this they were murdered by the Germans together with their six children on 24 March 1944. Recognized as Righteous Among the Nations, they were beatified in 2023. Markowa is home to the Ulma-Family Museum of Poles Saving Jews during World War II.

More than 7,200 Poles have been honoured as Righteous Among the Nations - the highest number of any nation. Full, alphabetical name lists are maintained by the Yad Vashem Institute and the Polish Righteous portal, created with the POLIN Museum.

Renaissance Zamość, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, had a rich Jewish community and a Renaissance synagogue. It was the birthplace of Rosa Luxemburg, one of the most important figures of European political thought, and of Isaac Leib Peretz, a classic of Yiddish literature. Zamość shows how Poland's shtetls produced people who shaped the world and Jewish culture.

In 1943 the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising broke out - the largest armed Jewish revolt during the Holocaust - led by Mordechai Anielewicz and the Jewish Combat Organization (ŻOB). On the grounds of the former ghetto stands the Monument to the Ghetto Heroes (Nathan Rapoport, 1948); here in 1970 Chancellor Willy Brandt knelt. Opposite the monument rises the POLIN Museum, telling a thousand years of Polish-Jewish history. This is where groups pay tribute and sing the anthem.

David Ben-Gurion (David Grün) was born in Płońsk in 1886 - a father of Zionism, founder and first Prime Minister of Israel, who declared the state's independence on 14 May 1948. Płońsk is the symbolic beginning of the road "from a Polish shtetl to the State of Israel" - a powerful stop for groups seeking the roots of Israeli statehood.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, Łódź was one of the most important centers of Jewish industry and culture. Its power is symbolized by Izrael Poznański, the "cotton king," whose palace and factory (today's Manufaktura) still impress with their scale. From Jewish Łódź came the poet Julian Tuwim and the world-famous pianist Artur Rubinstein.

The Jewish cemetery in Łódź is one of the largest in Europe. It contains the monumental mausoleum of Izrael Poznański - considered the largest Jewish tomb in the world. The site conveys the scale and wealth of former Jewish Łódź.